The meaning of the suffering of Meursault from the angle...

Existentialism tends to focus on the question of human existence — the feeling that there is no purpose, indeed nothing, at the core of existence. The term itself suggests one major theme: the stress on concrete individual existence and, consequently, on subjectivity, individual freedom, and choice. Sartre did not believe in God, so there was no place for the essence of humanity to be before human existence. For Existentialists like Sartre, the absence of God has a much larger significance than the metaphysics of creation. Without God there is no purpose, no value, and no meaning in the world. Existentialism posits that individuals create the meaning and essence of their lives, as opposed to deities or authorities creating it for them.†¦show more content†¦From the opening of The Outsider, Meursault reveals himself to be indifferent toward emotion and interaction with others. Instead of grieving at the news of his mother’s death, he remains cold, detached, and indifferent. When he receives the telegram, his primary concern is figuring out on which day his mother died. He has no emotional reaction at the death of his mother because he believes that his mother’s death is nothing exceptional but very much inevitable so it is meaningless for him to mourn for her death. Meursault confesses: â€Å"I probably loved mother quite a lot, but that didn’t mean anything. To a certain extent all normal people sometimes wished their loved ones were dead.† Throughout the whole book his mothers death had absolutely no meaning to him but when he is put in the same situation, facing death, he finally realizes what death must have been like for her and for the first time in the whole story thinks about her feelings: â€Å"I felt that I understood why at the end of her life she’d taken a ‘fiancà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and why she’d pretended to start again†¦So close to death, mother must have felt liberated and ready to live her life again. No one, no one at all had any right to cry over her,† Existentialism emphasizes the freedom to choose and the choices one makes should be made without the assistance of another person or standard. Existentialist crisis is that as Sartre says, â€Å"The individual is

Shakespeares View on Love Essay - 1971 Words

Shakespeare’s View on Love Shakespeare’s plays are very drastic with how he ties love into them. Shakespeare always adds comedy or tragedy to any romance that might be taking place. For example in Twelfth Night, As You like It and Romeo and Juliet there is romance but he also puts comedy in there so love is not that easy. In the play Othello he makes it into a tragedy which makes the love even harder to take place. Shakespeare has always found a way to make love as complicated as he can which leads me to believe that he feels that you must work for love and it should not be handed to you. Love is already complicated, but when Shakespeare is involved he makes sure at least two things come around that can make it harder for those†¦show more content†¦Rosalind proves that love is a source of incomparable delight. Romeo and Juliet is one of the most famous love stories written in the English literary tradition. Love is the plays most important and dominate theme. This is one of the few Shakespearean plays that focus on romantic love. An example of the romantic love is the intense passion that springs up at first sight between Romeo and Juliet. I feel that in Romeo and Juliet love is an ecstatic, overpowering force. Love takes over all other emotions that a person can feel. Throughout the play, Shakespeare made the young lovers life difficult because of their social worlds that were built around their own two families that are also enemies. The Capulet’s and Montague’s do not want their children together. Romeo is supposed to be madly in love with Rosaline while Juliet is supposed to be marrying Paris. Juliet says â€Å"deny thy father and refuse thy name, or if thou wilt not be but sworn my love, /and I’ll no longer be a Capulet;† referring to the fact that she is giving up her family name because of her love for Romeo. Love has a powerful nature that is seen in ways that it is described. Sometimes in Shakespeare, love is described in having a religion aspect with it. In Romeo and Juliet, love is a brutal and powerful emotion that has captured many individuals. Shakespeare has it so this beautiful romantic play comes to an endShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s View Of Love1426 Words   |  6 Pageswhat seems to be Shakespeare’s view of love in poems. Shakespeare had ways of including hidden meaning and messages that many people do not even know today because they do not understand or it is unfound. Although it difficult at times to understand the messages that Shakespeare was trying to convey, we still get a good sense of what the overall main idea of his poems are which has to do mostly with love. According to Shakespeare-online, Herford writes, â€Å"Although love is the overarching theme of theRead MoreWilliam Shakesp eare s Romeo And Juliet1529 Words   |  7 PagesShakespeare was a well-known 16th century playwright and author. In a range of his sonnets and his popular play, ‘Romeo and Juliet’, he presents his views and ideologies of love and challenges the conventions of love at the time. Shakespeare does this in a multitude of ways that subtly but effectively changes society’s view on love. Throughout the majority of his sonnets and in ‘Romeo and Juliet’, Shakespeare goes against the Petrarchan views on love which were courtly love and also were the normRead MoreSonnet 116 by William Shakespeare1002 Words   |  4 PagesThere is a constant theme of love found consistently within many forms of literature. The reoccurring theme of love is indicated within two poems, Sonnet 116 written by Shakespeare and Cinderella by Anne Sexton. Love is like a diamond, extremely rare and difficult to find. Shakespeare and Anne Sexton surpassed many other author’s in being able to capture the theme of love in their pieces of literature. Sonnet 116, written by Shakespeare, is one of the most popular love poems to this day. The poemRead MoreEssay about Copmaring Shakespeares Sonnets 116 and 1471489 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeares Sonnets 116 and 147 Light/Dark. Comfort/Despair. Love/Hate. These three pairs of words manage to sum up William Shakespeares Sonnet 116 and Sonnet 147, while also demonstrating the duality of Shakespeares heart. Sonnet 116 reveals to a careful reader the aspects of Shakespeares concept of what ideal love is. However, Sonnet 147 shows the danger of believing in this ideal form of love. These two sonnets perfectly complement and clarify each other while alsoRead MoreThe Significance of Shakespeares Regards Toward His Mistress in Sonnet 130918 Words   |  4 Pagesexpected to look like in that of the natural world. The comparisons Shakespeare addresses highlight aspects of nature, such as snow (3)or coral (2) yet; each comparison proves to be unflatteringly about his mistress. However, in the final rhyming couplet, Shakespeare claims his love for his mistress by professing; that even though his mistresses has a great deal of flaws, he accepts them and loves her as much as any man could love a woman. In Shakespeares, Sonnet 130 he illustrates a true depictionRead More Physicality and Emotional Attachment in Shakespeares Sonnet 461083 Words   |  5 Pagesblond young man, William Shakespeare presents a unique view on the classic debate about physical lust versus emotional love. The poet struggles to decide if his feelings are based upon superficial desire and infatuation, represented by the eye (1), or true love independent of the physical world, symbolized by the heart (1). With a deft movement from violent imagery in the first two lines to the civilized language of law, Shakespeare dismisses the commonly accepted view of a battle between theRead MoreA Critical Comparison of Shakespeares Sonnet 130 and Elizabeth Barrett-Brownings Sonnet 141342 Words   |  6 Pagesin the poem and 10 syllables per line. In comparison, they all instigate the traditional theme of love where women were admired and sometimes worshipped in order to express deep love that emissaries her beauty . However, Petrarchan sonnet could not said be too congruent to sixteenth style of writing sonnets. Nevertheless, they share identical theme in the sonnets which is the traditional theme of love where Petrarchan sonnets uses clichà ©s in order to describe his mistress as â€Å"lucid gold† and herRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1209 Words   |  5 PagesGood Morning/Afternoon Miss Rigby, Romeo and Juliet displays the the nature of love and the reason for its destruction. It is the most common story to associate with love, it has been adapted to film multiple times, even within a modern setting. Within the play lies many different themes, two of which I will analyse today which are love and hate. The deepest principles in human nature are hate and love, these two contrasting emotions are key in understanding Romeo and Juliet. It s a play which datesRead More Marriage in Shakespeares The Taming of the Shrew Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesMarriage is presented in Shakespeare?s play The Taming of the Shrew, in a complex manner allowing readers to view the play literally as a brutal taming or ironically as a subversive manifesto. Yet, Shakespeare intends to present marriage to be full of mutual love where neither male nor female dominate but compliment each other thriving together in a loved filled relationship. The portrayal of a deep understanding, which exists in an analogical relationship and the gentle transformation, which occursRead MoreShakespeare Sonnet Compare and Contrast Essay777 Words   |  4 PagesEssay Love can be expressed and described in many different ways. Shakespeare`s sonnets â€Å"116† and â€Å"18† justify that love has the ability to create extremely powerful feelings between two people, which can help them achieve the ultimate sense of happiness. To that end, when people experience true love they live a more joyful and content life. When a person finds love their lives are filled with joy and pleasure that bring true happiness into ones life. In sonnet â€Å"116†, Shakespeare writes that

Randomized Trial of Preventive Angioplasty

Question: Discuss about the Randomized Trial of Preventive Angioplasty. Answer: Introduction: In the simulation, the scenario of Mr. Harry bright has been focused. Mr. Harry Bright is a 65 years old male, undergoing an angioplasty recently. He has the history of hypertension and type 2 diabetes. He had 3/12 history of angina during the household works, like working in garage or watching TV. The nurse attending him needed to look after other patients, thus she handed Mr. Bright over me during simulation. I thoroughly underwent his post angioplasty assessment. As he has reported chest pain during post angioplasty period, assessment should be done carefully, as chest pain is considered as significant PCI related complication. In this context, we have reviewed articles to analyze the effectiveness of the assessment done for Mr. Bright. Royelly et al., (2011) provided a set of nursing clinical practice guidelines for individuals undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs). The authors highlighted the need for the assessment of vital signs of the patient, which is crucial for PTCI care. Here the authors indicated the assessment of ST segment elevation in ECG to detect the acute ischemic changes. This is important for Mr. Bright, as doctors identified the PTCI procedure difficult for him along with a risk of ischemia. In this context, authors also highlighted the need for cardiac enzyme level measurement followed by the ECG, especially the level of troponin, as its rise indicates ischemia. They also revealed the need for monitoring the signs of localized puncture site complications, i.e. bleeding, swelling, hematoma and limb circulation (Khan et al., 2011). All of these assessments were done properl y in simulation assessment of Mr. Bright. As the femoral puncture causes hematoma or haemorrhage, which can lead to significant blood loss, thus, I have significantly assessed Mr. Bright for the absence of ooze, redness, warmth and absence of bleeding. These assessments are included in the category wound assessment. Authors also highlighted the importance for peripheral pulse measurement, which was done in the simulation, by monitoring Mr. Brights dosalis pulse. Another guide provided by the author is to manage pain, including chest pain and surgical site pain during the removal of sheath. For controlling the post PTCI vascular complications, strategies are depicted by the authors to achieve haemostasis (Roffi et al., 2015). In case of chest pain, authors guided to change patients position and to elevate the head of the bed to 30, which I did, when Mr. Bright reported his chest pain (Royelly et al., 2011). In regards to the secondary prevention of post angioplasty complication, authors guidelines showed the use of nitrate in the action plan. The recommendation of nitrate usage is given for not only during hospitalization, rather even after patients discharge, besides seeking emergency medical assistance. In case of Mr. Bright, he w as admminsitered with nitroglycerin spray x 1, which significantly resolved his pain (Gallagher et al., 2011). Therefore, it can be said that post angioplasty wound and chest pain assessment were significantly done during simulation. However, according to the article provided by Chang et al., (2016), the neurovascular assessment was not done properly in the simulation. I have attempted and completed several factors in Mr. Brights neurovascular assessment, but missed the assessment of two feet. It has been revealed by the author that femoral bleeding can lead to hematoma formation, which may compress the femoral nerve and detection of which is crucial to reduce the risk of ischemia (Bonati et al., 2012). This damage can be detected through proper neurovascular assessment including capillary refill, skin colour, dorsalis pulse, pain, discomfort, sensation and motor function observation (Blair Clarke, 2013). Though I have monitored colour, dorsalis pulse and pain adequately; I missed the assessment of capillary refill, skin colour and discomfort assessment. Moreover, Mr. Bright has the history of type 2 diabetes, which reduces the rate of surgical wound recovery, while influencing the femoral bleeding and related n erve damage. In this context, though his BGL was normal, i.e. 10 mmol/l, I didnt check whether the medications were withdrawan or not, as these symptoms, combining altogether may lead to damage to his kidney, assessment of which was also missed (De Luca et al., 2013). Therefore, these missed diagnosis and insufficient assessment may increase the severity of his condition. I would improve my skills in these areas in further (Rear, Bell Hausenloy, 2016). I have undergone ISBAR format to communicate Mr. Brights case with other nurses, especially while handing him over to other nurses, after my shift. Here, I am going to reflect about Mr. Brights case and information I have provided to the doctor, when he complained chest pain, through the ISBAR format. Indentify- Mr. Bright is a 65 years old male, who have been admitted to the surgical ward of QUT hospital, after he had undergone an angioplasty. I am looking after Mr. Harry Bright in this shift and about to inform you regarding Mr. Harry Brights chest pain. His details are as follows: Situation- Mr. Bright reported angina several times, prior his angioplasty. However, after undergoing angioplasty and transferring him from the operation theatre to his bed in male surgical ward, he reported severe chest pain, which is also radiating from his left side of law to his legs, which is followed by nausea. The pain is now started to radiate towards back. Background- Mr. Harry Bright is a 65 years old male, who has medical history of hypertension and type 2 diabetes, which he revealed during pre-admission assessment. His medical issues are controlled by medications; i.e. for hypertension, he has been administered with metropolol, which is a beta blocker and helps to control his blood pressure. On the other hand, he is administered with metformin, for controlling his blood sugar and combat with his type 2 diabetes. On the other hand, he has also been administered with aspirin regularly, for dealing with his previous episodes of angina; simvastalin is administered daily for lowering blood cholesterol level and reduce the chance of cardiovascular complications associated with high cholesterol, type 2 diabetes and hypertension. However, the patient does not have any allergy. From his medical history, it has been revealed that he used to a chain smoker, smoking 20 cigarettes per day and consuming alcohol on regular basis. Recently he has been experiencing some transient episodes of unstable angina. He reported in his pre-admission assessment that he usually experienced the episodes of angina or chest pain while doing regular work, i.e. watching TV, gardening or working in garage. Every time, he experienced the pain radiating from left arm to left jaw. As he was experiencing unstable an transient episodes of angina, physicians decided to perform a PTCI and admitted to QUT hospital. During admission, his BP was high, 150/90 and BGL was around the normal range, 10.7. He was brought to the operation theatre after undergoing initial diagnosis and blood tests. During the surgery, his right femoral artery was punctured and through 6 french sheath and a drug eluting stent was placed in right coronary artery, with 10 % residual stenosis at the site. The process wa s difficult to perform and may lead to cardiac ischemia, for which continuous ECG monitoring was required. In his recovery, his right femoral surgical wound was removed, followed by which he reported chest pain. It was noticed by the physician and he administered nitroglycerin spray x 1 to Mr. Bright and his pain was resolved. He transferred to the ward at 1650 hours, while he was conscious and alert. Assessment- After he was transferred to the surgical ward, I assessed his vital sign, surgical site and further episodes of chest pain. No pain, swelling or hematoma was observed. I observed only little ooze and bruising of the surgical site. I monitored is dorsalis, which showed normal sign. His fluid chart shown he was on normal saline IV line with a rate of 100 ml/hr back (Benner, Hooper-Kyriakidis Stannard, 2011). His ECG was done after chest pain reported, which was normal. I am observing his vital signs over every 30 minutes. At 1527 hours, he reported chest pain and I measured the pain score, which was 6 out 10 in a 1 to 10 pain scale. His heart rate was 112 and respiratory rate was 26 with a body temperature of 37.3. The wound assessment showed no hematoma, change in colour or pain at surgical site. He reported his pain radiating to back. Recommendation As the doctor and RN advised not to order another ECG and only administer his medication; I will administer nitro-glycerine spray and complete his neurovascular assessment. I will help Mr Bright to lay down with a maximum 30 angle with the bed, for promoting his airway passage. As I have the order for his medications, i.e. morphin and metoclopramide, I would assess his status prior administering the medication. As the patient has undergone chest pain, there is a chance of haemorrhage or bleeding; thus further tests are recommended to be ordered including ECG, Doppler and cardiac enzyme, i.e. troponin level testing and doctors visit (Abid et al., 2015). Reference List Abid, S., Shuaib, W., Ali, S., Evans, D. D., Khan, M. S., Edalat, F., Khan, M. J. (2015). Chest pain assessment and imaging practices for nurse practitioners in the emergency department. Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal, 37(1), 12-22. doi: 10.1097/TME.0000000000000048 Benner, P. E., Hooper-Kyriakidis, P. L., Stannard, D. (2011).Clinical wisdom and interventions in acute and critical care: A thinking-in-action approach. Springer Publishing Company. Blair, V., Clarke, S. (2013). Neurovascular assessment post femoral nerve block: Nursing (RN) implications on fall prevention. International Journal of Orthopaedic and Trauma Nursing, 17(2), 99-105. doi: 10.1016/j.ijotn.2012.05.007 Bonati, L. H., Lyrer, P., Ederle, J., Featherstone, R., Brown, M. M. (2012). Percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty and stenting for carotid artery stenosis.The Cochrane Library. Chang, C. C., Chen, Y. C., Ong, E. T., Chen, W. C., Chang, C. H., Chen, K. J., Chiang, C. W. (2016). Chest pain after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with stable angina.Clinical Interventions in Aging,11, 1123. De Luca, G., Dirksen, M. T., Spaulding, C., Kelbk, H., Schalij, M., Thuesen, L., ... Chechi, T. (2013). Impact of Diabetes on Long-Term Outcome After Primary Angioplasty.Diabetes Care,36(4), 1020-1025. Gallagher, K. A., Meltzer, A. J., Ravin, R. A., Graham, A., Shrikhande, G., Connolly, P. H., ... McKinsey, J. F. (2011). Endovascular management as first therapy for chronic total occlusion of the lower extremity arteries: comparison of balloon angioplasty, stenting, and directional atherectomy.Journal of Endovascular Therapy,18(5), 624-637. Khan, N., Dodd, R., Marks, M. P., Bell-Stephens, T., Vavao, J., Steinberg, G. K. (2011). Failure of primary percutaneous angioplasty and stenting in the prevention of ischemia in Moyamoya angiopathy.Cerebrovascular Diseases,31(2), 147-153. Rear, R., Bell, R. M., Hausenloy, D. J. (2016). Contrast-induced nephropathy following angiography and cardiac interventions. Heart (British Cardiac Society), 102(8), 638-648. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2014-306962 Roffi, M., Patrono, C., Collet, J. P., Mueller, C., Valgimigli, M., Andreotti, F., ... Gencer, B. (2015). 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation.European heart journal, ehv320. Rolley, J. X., Salamonson, Y., Wensley, C., Dennison, C. R., Davidson, P. M. (2011). Nursing clinical practice guidelines to improve care for people undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions.Australian Critical Care,24(1), 18-38. Wald, D. S., Morris, J. K., Wald, N. J., Chase, A. J., Edwards, R. J., Hughes, L. O., ... Oldroyd, K. G. (2013). Randomized trial of preventive angioplasty in myocardial infarction.New England Journal of Medicine,369(12), 1115-1123.

New Jersey Vs. T.L.O. Essays - Piscataway, New Jersey,

New Jersey Vs. T.L.O. Christopher D. Monroe II New Jersey Vs. T.L.O. Facts of the Case On March 7, 1985 T.L.O. and another student were found smoking in the woman's bathroom. They were then taken to see the Assistant Principal, Mr. Choplick, and were questioned about smoking in the bathroom. Upon further questioning the second student told Mr. Choplick she was smoking T.L.O. denied she was smoking and also claimed ? I don't smoke at all?. Mr. Choplick then asked if he could search the purse and T.L.O. complied. Upon first opening the purse a pack of cigarettes was found and under it was a pack of rolling papers. In Mr. Choplick's experience rolling papers are a prerequisite of marijuana use. Upon further inspection he found a pipe, plastic bags commonly referred to as ?dime bags?, marijuana, a large sum of money, and notes implicating T.L.O. in marijuana dealing. Mr. Choplick then informed T.L.O.'s mother and the police of the offense and then sent in the evidence to the police. While in police custody T.L.O. confessed to marijuana dealing. She was charged with delinquency. In court T.L.O tried to suppress the evidence by deeming the evidence inadmissible because of her 4th amendment rights being disrupted and the confession inadmissible because of her 5th amendment rights being violated in conjunction with evidence found. She was found guilty and then it was overturned by the New Jersey Supreme Court. Parts of the Constitution IV amendment V amendment XIV amendment Precedents Hudson Vs. Palmer Brown Vs. Board of Education South Dakota Vs. Opperman Arguments In trying to accomplish the feat of a safe school environment you have to give up some personal freedoms. This trial is not about her smoking but about the marijuana found while the purse was searched for cigarettes. The search of the purse was reasonable because of the suspicion of her smoking in the bathroom. During that search cigarettes were found along with wrapping papers for cigarettes or marijuana as mostly used by teenagers. Upon that evidence he searched the bag thoroughly in a separate compartment he found marijuana, plastic bags, a large sum of money, and notes implicating her in marijuana dealing. Legal Issues

7 Bioteknologi og genteknologi Essays - , Term Papers

7 : Bioteknologi og genteknologi 7:1 Bioteknologi og genteknologi Levende organismer og DNA er verktoy I tusenvis av ar har vi brukt mikroorganismer til a fa brod til a heve og a lage ost, til gjaring av ol og vin og til produksjon av surmelk produkter. Dette kalles bioteknologi, og har pagatt i mange tusenvis av ar. Bioteknologi brukes for alt der vi bruker mikroorganismer, planteceller eller dyreceller til a lage produkter som er nyttige eller nodvendige for oss. Tradisjonell jordbruk og fiske regnes ikke som bioteknologi. Genteknologi - bioteknologi med nye muligheter Fra gammelt av har vi valgt ut de individene med onskede egenskaper og bruke disse individene til avl, dette er den tradisjonelle metoden for a endre egenskapene til planter og dyr. Denne metoden tar lang tid og lite presise. I midten av 1970-arene har forskerne lart a arbeide direkte med gener. De har kartlagt arvestoffet DNA, men ogsa metoder som gjor det mulig a "klippe og lime" gener. Pa denne maten har de kunne gi mikroorganismer, planter og dyr helt nye eller forsterke egenskaper. Dette er eksempler pa det vi kaller genteknologi. Genmodifiserte organismer, GMO, er organismer som har fatt endret eller fatt nye gener. Hvis disse nye genene som er satt inn kommer fra andre arter kaller vi det transgenene organismer. Moderne bioteknologi er metoder eller fagomrader der genteknologi inngar i storre eller mindre grand. F.eks. stamcelleforsknong, kloning, kartlegging av gener, ulike metoder for kunstig stamcelleforskning og produksjon av legemidler og vaksiner. 67310850900184150202565 Genteknologi: Genteknologi er teknikker det man isolerer og kartlegger DNA modifiserer (forandrer) gener. Klipper ut og flytter gener fra en organisme til en annen og far dem til a virke der. Bioteknologi: Bioteknologi er all teknologien som bruker levende celler til a lage produkter.Moderne bioteknologi er et samlebegrep pa fagomrader og metoder der genteknologi inngar i storre eller mindre gras. Genmodifisert organisme, GMO:organismer som har fatt forandret pa genene sine eller fatt satt inn nye gener, kaller vi genmodifiserte organismer 0 Genteknologi: Genteknologi er teknikker det man isolerer og kartlegger DNA modifiserer (forandrer) gener. Klipper ut og flytter gener fra en organisme til en annen og far dem til a virke der. Bioteknologi: Bioteknologi er all teknologien som bruker levende celler til a lage produkter.Moderne bioteknologi er et samlebegrep pa fagomrader og metoder der genteknologi inngar i storre eller mindre gras. Genmodifisert organisme, GMO:organismer som har fatt forandret pa genene sine eller fatt satt inn nye gener, kaller vi genmodifiserte organismer Etikk og lovverk - det dreier seg om hvor grensen gar Genteknologien gir oss mange nye muligheter. Men ogsa mange nye sporsmal som vi ma ta stilling til. Muligheten for at ny viten skal misbrukes. Regjeringen har opprettet et radgivende organ som skal treffe kloke valg, dette radet kalles bioteknologiradet. De vurderer faglige, etiske, miljomessige og sikkerhetsmessige sporsmal knyttet til moderne bioteknologi. Det er sarlig to lover som er viktige for hvordan vi arbeider med moderne bioteknologi i Norge: Genteknologiloven regulerer framstillingen og bruk av genmodifiserte organismer. Bioteknologiloven handler om a sikre at medisinsk bruk av bioteknologi blir utnyttet til beste for alle mennesker. Bioteknologi blir regulert av mange andre lover ogsa, for eksempel naringsmiddelloven og lov om dyrevern. 7:2 Genmodifiserte organismer Nye egenskaper pa nye mater Bakterier var de forste organismene som fikk overfort nye gener, fordi de formerer seg raskt og er derfor lette a jobbe med, og er derfor brukt mye innenfor genteknologien. Det er ogsa fordi det ikke er sa mange protester mot a forske pa disse organismene. Teknikken Forskerne bruker nar de overforer gener til et organisme, kaller vi genspleising. Genspleisingenes verktoy - plasmider, enzymer og bakterier 7:5 DNA-analyser, gentester og genterapi Medisinsk bruk av genteknologi Et menneske har litt over 20 000 gener. Det er bare en liten del av DNA-et som virker som gener og bestemmer egenskapene vare. Vi vet ikke sikkert hva resten gjor. Disse delene av DNA-molekylene har sma omrader, "fingeravtrykk", som varierer mye fra art til art og fra individ til individ. Analyser av dette DNA- et blir brukt til a identifisere personer og organismer. En annen type DNA-tester er analyser av genene vare. Sanne gentester kan etterhvert fortelle oss mye om zzaA Sporsmal: 7:1 Bioteknologi og genteknologi Hva bruker vi mikroorganismer til?Hevemiddel i brod, lage ost, gjaring av ol og vin, til a lage surmelks produkter. Er bioteknologi noe som

Population Biology Basics

Population Biology Basics Populations are groups of individuals belonging to the same species that live in the same region at the same time. Populations, like individual organisms, have unique attributes such as growth rate, age structure, sex ratio, and mortality rate Populations change over time due to births, deaths, and the dispersal of individuals between separate populations. When resources are plentiful and environmental conditions appropriate, populations can increase rapidly. A populations ability to increase at its maximum rate under optimal conditions is called its biotic potential. Biotic potential is represented by the letter r when used in mathematical equations. Keeping the Population in Check In most instances, resources are not unlimited and environmental conditions are not optimal. Climate, food, habitat, water availability, and other factors keep population growth in check due to environmental resistance. The environment can only support a limited number of individuals in a population before some resource runs out or limits the survival of those individuals. The number of individuals that a particular habitat or environment can support is referred to as the carrying capacity. Carrying capacity is represented by the letter K when used in mathematical equations. Growth Characteristics Populations can sometimes be categorized by their growth characteristics. Species whose populations increase until they reach the carrying capacity of their environment and then level off are referred to as K-selected species. Species whose populations increase rapidly, often exponentially, quickly filling available environments, are referred to as r-selected species. Characteristics of K-selected species include: Late maturationFewer, larger youngLonger life spansMore parental careIntense competition for resources Characteristics of r-selected species include: Early maturationNumerous, smaller youngShorter lifespansLess parental careA little competition for resources Population Density Some environmental and biological factors can influence a population differently depending on its density. If population density is high, such factors become increasingly limiting on the success of the population. For example, if individuals are cramped in a small area, the disease may spread faster than it would if population density were low. Factors that are affected by population density are referred to as density-dependent factors. There are also densitys of density-independent factors might include a change in temperature such as an extraordinarily cold or dry winter. Intra-Specific Competition Another limiting factor on populations is intra-specific competition which occurs when individuals within a population compete with one another to obtain the same resources. Sometimes intra-specific competition is direct, for example when two individuals vie for the same food, or indirect, when one individuals action alters and possibly harms the environment of another individual. Populations of animals interact with each other and their environment in a variety of ways. One of the primary interactions a population has with its environment and other populations is due to feeding behavior. Types of Herbivores The consumption of plants as a food source is referred to as herbivory and the animals that do this consuming are called herbivores. There are different types of herbivores. Those that feed on grasses are referred to as grazers. Animals that eat leaves and other portions of woody plants are called browsers, while those that consume fruits, seeds, sap, and pollen are called frugivores. Predators and Prey Populations of carnivorous animals that feed on other organisms are called predators. The populations on which predators feed are called prey. Often, predator and prey populations cycle in a complex interaction. When prey resources are abundant, predator numbers increase until the prey resources wane. When prey numbers drop, predator numbers dwindle as well. If the environment provides adequate refuge and resources for prey, their numbers may again increase and the cycle begins again. Competing Species The concept of competitive exclusion suggests that two species that require identical resources cannot coexist in the same location. The reasoning behind this concept is that one of those two species will be better adapted to that environment and be more successful, to the point of excluding the lesser species from the environment. Yet we find that many species with similar requirements do coexist. Because the environment is varied, competing species can use resources in different ways when competition is intense, thus allowing space for one another. When two interacting species, for example, predator and prey, evolve together, they can influence the evolution of the other. This is referred to as coevolution. Sometimes coevolution results in two species that influence (both positively or negatively) from each other, in a relationship referred to as symbiosis. The various types of symbiosis include: Parasitism: One species (parasite) benefits more than the other species (host).Commensalism: One species benefits while a second species is neither helped nor injured.Mutualism: Both species benefit from the interaction.

Financial strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial strategy - Essay Example In the recent past, companies are adopting the value based management approach which is a formal systematic approach used in managing companies with an aim of achieving the objective of maximizing value creation and shareholder value (Chapman, Hopwood, & Shields, 2009, p. 1248). Value based management focuses on the key drivers of value thus helping companies achieve their objectives (Starovic, Cooper, & Davis, 2004, 2004, p.15-17). Increasing focus on core competencies has forced companies to outsource some services to ensure that they remain relevant in terms of their revenues and expenditure in comparison with their competitors. Knowing a company’s position is important because it is useful in defining and redefining strategies to improve profit margins and to capitalize on company’s strengths to enhance shareholder value creation (Starovic, Cooper, & Davis, 2004, 2004, p.10-17). Various methods have been used to measure the shareholder’s value but the most co mmonly used are the profitability analysis, Strategic Profit Mode (SPM), and the Economic Value Added (EVA) method. One of the common methods used to measure profitability is Return On Capital Employed (ROCE) which is the operating profit after tax divide by the net capital employed. However, a major criticism on this method is that it does not measure operating profits and capital employed the way investors do. Investors are concerned about economic profits and the amount of debt and equity invested in the business but these amounts may disagree with those used in company’s financial statements because of the accounting practices in use. For instance, accounting reserves which have to be accounted for in financial statements tend to understate economic profits and the amount of equity capital actually invested in the business. ROCE provides little guidance on the profitability level because of its shortcomings. Given the shortcomings of ROCE, SPM and EVA models are preferred because they enable the company to focus on shareholder value and provide a long-term orientation in their analysis. SPM and EVA are reliable, consistent, and therefore preferred over ROCE method. The Strategic Profit Model (SPM) measures the Return On Net Worth (RONW) of a company which is a tool used to measure the changes in the shareholder value in an organization. RONW is made of three components, which include net profit, asset turnover, and financial leverage. These components are used in the calculation of RONW and they can be controlled by the managers of a company (Viswanadham and Luthra, 2005, p.478). Net profit is the difference between sales and expenses and from it net profit margin is calculated which measures how efficiently a company manufactures and sells its products. Net profit margin is the net profit as a percentage of sales. Asset turnover is the sales divided by the total assets of a company and it shows how efficiently a company employs its assets to achiev e a given level of sales. The Return On Assets (ROA) is arrived at by multiplying the net profit margin with the asset turnover and it relates the profitability of a company to the value of assets employed. The financial leverage of a company provides the relationship between the total